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Beech trees have more of a red pigment called anthocyanin and birch trees have more carotene which turns leaves yellow.
The pigment, anthocyanin , is normally turned off during the growing season, but the researchers inserted a gene that turns on this colour-making process in the presence of nitrogen dioxide.
The combination of excess sugar sap and sunny days create an abundance of the pigment anthocyanin and the brilliant fall colors of crimson and purple.
As well as a high content of carotene, the same substance that gives carrots and egg yolks their distinctive colour, these oranges develop a red pigment, anthocyanin , which gives their flesh its hue.
the earliest carrots were purple, because they contained anthocyanin
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