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The fact that identical electrons were emitted from cathodes of a range of materials under a range of conditions strongly suggested that the electron is a fundamental constituent of all atoms.
Those same ions would then flow to the cathode , and after electrons were added, would end up as pure copper.
Most fuel cells use a polymer electrolyte membrane to separate the cathode and anode.
An electron originating near the planar cathode and ultimately collected at electrode A will induce an equal charge at A and B during most of its journey.
But because electrons must be supplied to the cathode by an external power source to drive this process, the cathode in an electrolytic cell has a negative charge.