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To test whether or not there was enough animal activity to produce or maintain the ‘halos’, Bartholomew set up various types of one-foot square exclosures in both grassland and bare zone areas.
Predator exclosures caused a strong reduction in nontreatment predator levels, with no difference in abundance between treatments.
Of the seedlings that survived the greater than 10 years of the experiment, those exposed to herbivory were significantly shorter than individuals of the same species in the exclosures .
Using animal exclosures similar to Bartholomew's, Halligan also examined the effects of small herbivores.
Flowers opened inside the bags, and any resulting fruits developed within the exclosures , thus being also protected from herbivores.
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