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The bones show increased vascularity, porosity, and osteoclastic activity, resulting in the thinning of cortical bone and loss of intramedullary trabecular bone.
Bone mineral density is determined by the homeostasis between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption.
Vitamin D indirectly stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and is necessary for the intestinal absorption of calcium.
At the cellular level, there was decreased osteoblastic and increased osteoclastic activity.
They activate mature osteoclasts indirectly through osteoblasts, inhibit osteoclast cell death, and stimulate osteoclast progenitor formation.
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