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Stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems - or cave formations - grow as water travels through rocks, dissolves minerals, and then seeps into caves and redeposits those substances.
I am also aware that speleothems are rarely pure calcium carbonate, but often contain large amounts of impurities such as soil or clay particles or surface organic material.
Water chemical data are important for palaeohydrological interpretations, but in this case we restrict the discussion to available water data from close to the studied speleothems .
The most common type of speleothems studied for palaeoclimate are cylindrical stalagmites.
The agencies enforce the 1988 Federal Cave Resources Protection Act, which does little to protect caves other than sending those caught removing speleothems to jail for up to a year.
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