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oligarchy
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Several oligarchies had laws against citizens making money in trade.
The Caliphate became a monarchy, first absolute, then nominal, controlled by oligarchies , feudal lords, warlords, tribal chiefs and regional chieftains.
They were ruled by oligarchies or councils of elders, or some mixture of the two, and might therefore best be called tribal republics.
As monarchies, dictatorships, even oligarchies gradually are replaced by some form of government that is at least struggling to become democratic, we have all become aware of Tocqueville's prescience.
The result of short-term royal success in eviscerating local government was a system of degenerate petty oligarchies dependent on government initiative.
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