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An oral, poorly absorbed opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, can be helpful when usual laxatives are not working.
For example, the propensity of opioid abusers entering opioid agonist treatment to discount their cocaine use has been previously documented.
Nalmefene, another opioid antagonist, is similar to naltrexone but without FDA approval for treatment of alcohol dependence.
The medications most often implicated in prescription drug abuse are opioid analgesics, sedative-hypnotics and stimulants.
Fentanyl, morphine, and hydromorphone are opioid analgesic medications that may be used for moderate sedation/analgesia.
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