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Interspecific brood parasitism is the most common; hence, when brood parasites stop parasitizing a host, selection for rejection usually stops.
Al concentrations in leaves of mistletoes parasitizing plants from the cerrado belt of Brazil depend on the nature of the host species.
This means that the unisexual females are actually parasitizing bisexual males of these other species.
Fitness costs vary greatly among host species in part because cowbirds parasitize host species at widely divergent frequencies, even among hosts breeding in the same habitat.
However, we did not record egg puncture at mockingbird nests at either study site, which suggests also that this species was not parasitized .
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