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Racialized discourse is a set of social practices that favours the ingroup and denigrates the out-group , categorizing, evaluating and differentiating between groups.
Language communicates, but it also divides-people from people, caste from caste, in-group from out-group .
An out-group was available for phylogenetic analysis.
Loligo bleekeri was used as the out-group in all phylogenetic analyses because most authors currently consider cephalopods as the sister group of gastropods.
With this test, we can determine if rates of molecular evolution are the same for two different taxa by comparing how divergent they are from a known out-group .
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