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The lemma is inserted on the rachilla (the spikelet axis) and, together with the palea , encloses the floret.
Each flower has a lemma (outer bract) and a palea (inner bract) at its base, and contains two lodicules and one pistil surrounded by three anthers.
Early stages of floret development are similar in the ear and tassel: each floret is enclosed in a lemma and palea and all florets produce two lodicules, three stamens, and a gynoecium.
Parts of the palea were removed to allow correct positioning and to avoid destruction of the sensor.
For all studies, fresh barley grains were extracted in triplicate (after removing the glumes and paleae and keeping the pericarp - aleurone intact) and analysed in duplicate.
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