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The viscosity that governs the creep of a polycrystalline solid material, such as Earth's iron magnesium silicate mantle, is expected to be a strongly 3D function of position.
This polycrystalline silicon is not much use for electronics, since the flaws degrade the conductivity; but it is used, for example, to make silicon solar cells, which are the most common commercial photovoltaic devices.
The yield stress of iron single crystals are very sensitive to both temperature and strain rate and a similar dependence has been found for less pure polycrystalline iron.
In a polycrystalline metal the crack may extend for only a few grain diameters before the crack propagation changes to stage II.
These older style panels are made of crystalline or polycrystalline silicon modules.
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