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Intrusion of more magma into the chambers renewed doming of the collapsed calderas in an episode of resurgence.
In December, members of the same research team revealed that calderas on five major Mars volcanoes were repeatedly active as little as 2 million years ago.
Instead, Io's surface is dominated by volcanic features, notably gentle shield volcanoes with summit calderas several tens of kilometres across and surrounded by radial lava flows.
These volcano and feeder systems have similarities to igneous centres, which also have cone-shaped edifices, calderas and downward tapering cones created during magma chamber collapse and ring-dyke intrusion.
Almost all of the volcanic rocks within and adjacent to the calderas have been propylitically altered.
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