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A method and apparatus for processing a wafer comprising a material selected from an electrical semiconducting material and an electrical insulating material.
Light emission from semiconducting polymers is a particularly promising area of application, most notably in displays.
Chips are made with photolithography, where a beam of parallel light shines through a stencil-like mask onto a semiconducting material, and changes it so that acid will not etch the part exposed.
Many calculators and watches are run by solar cells, which use semiconducting materials that absorb sunlight and then convert the light into energy by a process called the photovoltaic effect.
So, photonic crystals are now typically made of insulating or semiconducting materials, such as titanium oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon, or gallium arsenide.
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