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subadult polar bears
The most difficult thing is to obtain different sized specimens to work with, because ideally you need material from hatchling to subadult to adult.
Adults and subadults also fed pups a higher proportion of prey biomass than juveniles of the same sex.
Although most non-breeders and failed nesters left the breeding colony to molt, small flocks of molting adults and subadults without young were seen on Bylot Island every year.
Resident associates or betas were adults / subadults with home ranges that overlapped extensively with those of resident breeders and were directly observed interacting with breeding residents.
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